Nobody counts an indirect job. A model converts money spent into employment implied, and the credibility of the result rests entirely on inputs a reader can check, industry codes a reader can question, and assumptions a reader is rarely shown.
Defense articles and defense services described on the United States Munitions List at 22 CFR 121.1 are controlled under the International Traffic in Arms Regulations, administered under authority of 22 U.S.C. 2778. Items not described there may be subject to the Export Administration Regulations at 15 CFR 730 to 774. The order of review in 22 CFR 120.11 directs a reader to the munitions list first, and a commodity jurisdiction request resolves genuine doubt.
Under 36 CFR 60.4 a district, site, building, structure or object qualifies for the National Register if it possesses integrity and meets one of four criteria: association with significant events, association with significant persons, distinctive design or construction, or the capacity to yield important information. Nominations travel through the State Historic Preservation Officer and a state review board to the Keeper, and 36 CFR 60.6 gives a private owner an objection that blocks listing.
Under 31 U.S.C. 3730(b) a private relator may sue in the name of the United States. The complaint is filed in camera, remains under seal for at least sixty days, and is not served on the defendant until the court orders it. A copy of the complaint and a written disclosure of substantially all material evidence and information the relator possesses must be served on the government. The United States is the real party in interest throughout.
Residence and status obtained by putting money or a business behind the application.
All articlesNobody counts an indirect job. A model converts money spent into employment implied, and the credibility of the result rests entirely on inputs a reader can check, industry codes a reader can question, and assumptions a reader is rarely shown.
Reporting fraud against the government or the markets, and the protection that follows.
All articlesUnder 31 U.S.C. 3730(b) a private relator may sue in the name of the United States. The complaint is filed in camera, remains under seal for at least sixty days, and is not served on the defendant until the court orders it. A copy of the complaint and a written disclosure of substantially all material evidence and information the relator possesses must be served on the government. The United States is the real party in interest throughout.
Rule 21F-17 provides that no person may take any action to impede an individual from communicating directly with Commission staff about a possible securities law violation, including by enforcing or threatening to enforce a confidentiality agreement. The commodities rules contain a parallel prohibition. Section 3730(h) separately entitles an employee, contractor or agent who suffers retaliation to reinstatement, double back pay with interest and special damages.
Section 3730(b)(3) allows the government to move for extensions of the sixty-day seal for good cause, and those motions are made in camera. The seal binds the relator as well as the government: the existence of the action, its contents and the identity of the defendant are not to be disclosed. Breaking the seal does not automatically end the case, and courts weigh the harm to the government, the severity of the violation and evidence of bad faith.
Who may not be dealt with, what may not be shipped, and the licenses that make exceptions.
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What triggers review of a change to an old building, and what the review can require.
All articlesA property qualifies by meeting one of four criteria and by still looking enough like itself to convey why it matters. The paperwork travels a fixed route from the preparer to a state officer to a review board to the Keeper.
How a medical product reaches the market and what its maker owes afterwards.
All articlesPremarket notification under 21 U.S.C. 360(k) asks whether a device is substantially equivalent to a legally marketed predicate, meaning the same intended use and either the same technological characteristics or different ones raising no different questions of safety and effectiveness. Premarket approval under 21 U.S.C. 360e asks whether valid scientific evidence provides reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness.
Under 21 CFR Part 56 a clinical investigation may not begin until an institutional review board has approved it, applying the criteria in 56.111 covering minimized risk, favorable risk-benefit balance, equitable subject selection, informed consent, data monitoring, privacy and safeguards for vulnerable subjects. Part 50 governs consent: 50.20 sets general conditions, 50.25 lists the required elements, and 50.27 requires a signed document.
Labeling under 21 U.S.C. 321(m) includes all written, printed or graphic matter on an article, its containers or wrappers, or accompanying it. A product is misbranded under 21 U.S.C. 352 where its labeling is false or misleading in any particular. Prescription labeling follows 21 CFR 201.56 and 201.57, over-the-counter labeling follows 201.66, and changes are made through the supplement categories in 21 CFR 314.70.
Children and marriages that cross borders, and the courts that end up deciding.
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Reaching a party abroad, getting evidence there, and enforcing what a court decides.
All articlesA foreign government is immune from suit in United States courts unless a statutory exception applies. The statute is the sole route to jurisdiction, which makes the first question of every such case the same one: which exception is being invoked.
What a court will look at, who must prove what, and how a document becomes admissible.
All articlesFederal Rule of Evidence 701 permits a witness not testifying as an expert to give an opinion that is rationally based on the witness's own perception, helpful to clearly understanding the testimony or determining a fact in issue, and not based on scientific, technical or other specialized knowledge within the scope of Rule 702. Rule 602 separately requires personal knowledge, and the two provisions together mark the boundary against expert opinion in ordinary clothing.
Federal Rule of Evidence 804 makes certain hearsay admissible only once the declarant is shown to be unavailable. Rule 804(a) defines unavailability through five grounds: privilege, refusal despite an order, lack of memory, death or infirmity, and absence the proponent could not overcome. Rule 804(b) then admits former testimony, statements made under a belief of imminent death, statements against interest, statements of family history, and statements against a party that caused the absence.
Federal Rule of Evidence 404(a) prohibits evidence of a person's character or character trait offered to prove that the person acted in accordance with it on a particular occasion. Rule 404(b) permits evidence of other crimes, wrongs or acts when offered for a purpose other than propensity, such as motive, intent, knowledge, identity or absence of mistake. Rule 405 controls the permitted methods of proof, and Rule 406 treats habit and routine practice as outside the prohibition entirely.
Getting a decision reviewed — what was preserved, what standard applies, and what the court may do.
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A licensed trade with its own three-tier structure and a long list of things a seller may not do.
All articlesA producer shipping to a household is bypassing two tiers of a system that was built to prevent exactly that. States that allow it do so on conditions, and the conditions are where nearly all of the compliance work actually sits.
